La refrigeración es un proceso
que consiste en bajar o evitar que suba el nivel de calor de un cuerpo o un
espacio. Considerando que realmente el frío no existe y que debe hablarse de
mayor o menor cantidad de calor o de mayor o menor nivel térmico (nivel que se
mide con la temperatura), refrigerar es un proceso termodinámico en el que se
extrae calor del objeto considerado (reduciendo su nivel térmico), y se lleva a
otro lugar capaz de admitir esa energía térmica sin problemas o con muy pocos
problemas.
Los fluidos utilizados para llevar la energía
calorífica de un espacio a otro, son llamados refrigerantes.
O en otras palabras, es un ciclo mecánico
con el cual se busca retirar calor de un determinado espacio.
Ahora bien, sabiendo esto conoceremos un poco sobre su historia:
Desde los tiempos más remotos el
hombre conoció, en un nivel empírico, el uso de los espacios cerrados que,
debido a su disposición, permitían conservar determinados alimentos a una
temperatura menor que la del medio. Por
lo general, dichos espacios eran cavernas que al tener entrada y salida de
corrientes de aire natural permitían este milagro de conservación.
Los animales prehistóricos al sentirse
moribundos se adentraban por instinto en los rincones más profundos de las
cuevas y ahí morían. Al estar alejados
de la acción del sol y entre las corrientes de aire que ahí existían, sus
cuerpos se secaban sin descomponerse, gracias al frió sostenido de esos
lugares. Los primeros hombres se
percataron de tal fenómeno y, después de agruparse en rudimentarias formas
sociales, lo utilizaron para su provecho.
El hombre prehistórico adoptó estas cuevas y comenzó a almacenar grandes
trozos de carne para resguardarlos de la
acción de los rayos solares. Primero los
secaba para eliminar la grasa, y después los cubría con tierra para evitar la
rápida putrefacción. Durante los tiempos
en que la caza escaseaba, podía obtener alimento de esta reserva de carne.
En las tribus más antiguas de
Norteamérica también se conocía la conservación de la carne mediante un método
natural que se realizaba de la siguiente manera: se localizaba una corriente de agua
subterránea y en las piedra viva se hacía una cavidad, de modo que al ras de
ella y en la parte inferior se humedeciera ligeramente la tierra, sin llegar a
anegar la cavidad. Después se fabricaba
una plataforma sobre la que se colocaban, previamente cubiertos de tierra, los
trozos de carne que se deseaba conservar.
Posteriormente, toda la cavidad se cubría con ramas y la misma corriente
de agua neutralizaba el calor del hueco.
La carne se consumía antes de que comenzara a descomponerse.
Otro uso de los espacios fríos en
la antigüedad lo llevaron a cabo los egipcios a las orillas del río Nilo, para
conservar determinadas clases de granos en tiempos de sequía. En la América precolombina, los emperadores
aztecas organizaban grupos de individuaos para su servicio exclusivo, que
desempeñaban la tarea de llevar hielo de los volcanes cercanos al Valle de
México hasta la Gran Tenochtitlán. El
uso del hielo de los glaciares de las montañas nevadas también se conoció por los griegos y los romanos. El siglo XIX, la refrigeración artificial fue
un producto de la industrialización.
La industria de la refrigeración
se vuelve importante en el siglo 18. La refrigeración en sus inicios era
obtenida por el uso de hielo. Hielo de lagos y estanques era cortado y
almacenado en invierno en cuartos de almacenaje insulados para su uso en verano.
El uso de hielo natural requería
contenedores insulados o cajas de hielo para tiendas, restaurantes y hogares.
Estas unidades aparecieron en gran escala durante el siglo 19.
El hielo fue hecho
artificialmente la primera vez para 1820 como un experimento. No es hasta 1834
que la fabricación de hielo artificial se hace práctica. Jacobo Perkins, un
ingeniero americano, invento la máquina que sería la precedora de los sistemas
de compresión modernos. Michael Faraday descubrió el principio de la
refrigeración por absorción para 1824. No fue hasta 1855 que un ingeniero
alemán construye el sistema.
Poco hielo artificial fue
producido hasta 1890. Durante 1890, un invierno caliente resulto en una escasez
de hielo natural. Esto aceleró el desarrollo de la industria mecánica de la
fabricación de hielo.
La refrigeración mecánica
doméstica apareció por primera vez para 1910. J.M. Larsen produjo para 1913 una
máquina doméstica operada manualmente. Para 1918 Kelvinator produce el primer
refrigerador automático doméstico para el mercado americano. Ese año vendieron
67 máquinas. Hoy día millones de unidades son vendidas cada año.
El primero de los sistemas
sellados o herméticos de refrigeración fue fabricado por la General Electric en
1828. Éste fue llamado el monitor en el tope.
Para comienzo de los 1920s, la
refrigeración doméstica se volvió una industria importante. La Electrolux, que
fue una de las unidades automáticas de absorción, apareció en 1927.
La congelación rápida para la
preservación de alimentos por periodos prolongados comenzó para 1923. Esto
marcó el inicio de la industria moderna para alimentos congelados. Las unidades
automáticas para confort de aire acondicionado aparecieron para 1927.
Los sistemas mecánicos de
refrigeración fueron conectados a plantas de calefacción para proveer
enfriamiento en verano para finales de los 1920s. Para 1940, prácticamente
todas las unidades domésticas eran del tipo hermético. Unidades comerciales
exitosamente han sido desarrolladas y utilizadas. Estas unidades son capaces de
refrigerar grandes almacenes de almacenamiento de alimentos. Pueden proveer
enfriamiento para confort de grandes auditorios. También pueden producir bajas
temperaturas para uso de muchas aplicaciones comerciales.
En 1935, Frederick McKinley Jones
produjo un sistema de refrigeración automático para vagones de arrastre. De un
lento comienzo a finales de los 1930s, la industria del acondicionamiento de
aire de autos ha tenido un gran desarrollo.
Comenzando en los 1960s, el
mercado del acondicionamiento de aire ha experimentado un tremendo desarrollo.
La energía era barata y de ahí que los acondicionadores de aire se volvieron
comunes en muchos hogares. La energía solar y otras fuentes de energía alterna
se han vuelto fuentes adicionales de energía para trabajar los sistemas de
calefacción y enfriamiento.
Debido a un tremendo crecimiento
en la tecnología para 1990, todas las áreas relacionadas a la refrigeración y
aire acondicionado utilizan microprocesadores para controlar sus funciones de
operación. El propósito de estos sistemas es mejorar su eficiencia y
funcionamiento. Para 1990, el acondicionador de aire en los automóviles se
volvió un equipo estándar como la transmisión automática.
Refrigeration is a process that is to lower or prevent turn up the heat of a body or a space. Whereas the cold really does not exist and must speak of greater or lesser amount of heat or varying thermal level (measured with temperature), cooling is a thermodynamic process in which heat is extracted object considered (minimizing their heat level), and is carried to another place capable of supporting the thermal energy without problems or with very few problems.
The fluid used to carry heat energy from one space to another, are called refrigerants.
Or in other words, is a mechanical cycle which seeks to remove heat from a given space.
Now, knowing this will know a little about their history:
Since ancient times man knew, on an empirical level, the use of enclosed spaces, due to its disposal, allowed to keep certain foods below that of the average temperature. Usually, these spaces were caverns that having inlet and outlet air flows naturally allowed this miracle of preservation.
Prehistoric animals dying to feel being scooped by instinct in the deepest recesses of the caves and died there. Being away from the action of sunlight and air currents between which there existed, their bodies dried without breaking down, thanks to the sharp cold of those places. The first men became aware of this phenomenon and, after rudimentary grouped into social forms, used it to their advantage. Prehistoric man took these caves and began to store large pieces of meat to protect them from the action of sunlight. First dried to remove the fat, and then covered with soil to prevent rapid putrefaction. During the times when hunting was scarce, he could get food meat reservation.
In the most ancient tribes of North America's meat preservation it was also known by a natural method which was performed as follows: a stream of groundwater was located and the living stone a cavity, so it made flush she and the bottom slightly moisten the soil without reaching flood the cavity. After a platform on which they were placed previously covered ground, the pieces of meat that wanted to keep was manufactured. Subsequently, the entire cavity is covered with branches and the same stream of the heat neutralized hollow. The meat is consumed before it began to decompose.
Another use of cold spots in antiquity as the Egyptians held on the banks of the Nile, to retain certain types of grain in times of drought. In pre-Columbian America, the Aztec emperors individuaos organized groups for its unique service, which played the task of bringing ice near the Valley of Mexico to the Great Tenochtitlan volcanoes. The use of ice from the glaciers of the snowy mountains also known by the Greeks and Romans. The nineteenth century, artificial refrigeration was a product of industrialization.
The refrigeration industry becomes important in the 18th century in its infancy cooling was obtained by the use of ice. Lakes and ponds ice was cut in winter and stored in insulated storage rooms for summer use.
The required use of natural ice insulated ice boxes or containers for shops, restaurants and homes. These units appeared on a large scale during the 19th century.
Ice was artificially made first for 1820 as an experiment. It is not until 1834 that the manufacture of artificial ice is practice. Jacob Perkins, an American engineer, invented the machine that would be precedora of modern compression systems. Michael Faraday discovered the principle of absorption cooling for 1824. It was not until 1855 that a German engineer built the system.
Little artificial ice was produced until 1890. During 1890, a warm winter resulted in a shortage of natural ice. This accelerated the development of mechanical manufacturing industry ice.
Domestic mechanical refrigeration first appeared for 1910. JM Larsen 1913 produced a domestic machine manually operated. 1918 Kelvinator produced the first domestic refrigerator for the American auto market. That year sold 67 machines. Today million units are sold every year.
The first sealed or sealed refrigeration systems were manufactured by General Electric in 1828. It was called the monitor on top.
To the beginning of the 1920s, the domestic refrigeration industry became a major. Electrolux, which was one of the automatic removal units, appeared in 1927.
The quick freezing to preserve food for long periods began for 1923. This marked the beginning of modern frozen food industry. Automatic units for comfort air conditioning appeared to 1927.
Mechanical cooling systems were connected to heating plants to provide cooling in summer to late 1920s. By 1940, virtually all households were kind of tight. Business units have been successfully developed and used. These units are capable of cooling large food storage warehouses. They can provide comfort cooling for large audiences. They can also produce low temperatures for use in many commercial applications.
In 1935, Frederick McKinley Jones produced an automatic cooling drag cars. From a slow start in the late 1930s, the industry of car air conditioning has had a great development.
Beginning in the 1960s, the air conditioning market has seen tremendous development. The energy was cheap and hence air conditioners became common in many homes. Solar and other alternative energy sources have become additional sources of energy to work the heating and cooling systems.
Due to tremendous growth in technology in 1990, all areas related to refrigeration and air conditioning use microprocessors to control their operating functions. The purpose of these systems is to improve its efficiency and performance. By 1990, the air conditioner in the car became standard equipment such as automatic transmission.
Refrigeration is a process that is to lower or prevent turn up the heat of a body or a space. Whereas the cold really does not exist and must speak of greater or lesser amount of heat or varying thermal level (measured with temperature), cooling is a thermodynamic process in which heat is extracted object considered (minimizing their heat level), and is carried to another place capable of supporting the thermal energy without problems or with very few problems.
The fluid used to carry heat energy from one space to another, are called refrigerants.
Or in other words, is a mechanical cycle which seeks to remove heat from a given space.
Now, knowing this will know a little about their history:
Since ancient times man knew, on an empirical level, the use of enclosed spaces, due to its disposal, allowed to keep certain foods below that of the average temperature. Usually, these spaces were caverns that having inlet and outlet air flows naturally allowed this miracle of preservation.
Prehistoric animals dying to feel being scooped by instinct in the deepest recesses of the caves and died there. Being away from the action of sunlight and air currents between which there existed, their bodies dried without breaking down, thanks to the sharp cold of those places. The first men became aware of this phenomenon and, after rudimentary grouped into social forms, used it to their advantage. Prehistoric man took these caves and began to store large pieces of meat to protect them from the action of sunlight. First dried to remove the fat, and then covered with soil to prevent rapid putrefaction. During the times when hunting was scarce, he could get food meat reservation.
In the most ancient tribes of North America's meat preservation it was also known by a natural method which was performed as follows: a stream of groundwater was located and the living stone a cavity, so it made flush she and the bottom slightly moisten the soil without reaching flood the cavity. After a platform on which they were placed previously covered ground, the pieces of meat that wanted to keep was manufactured. Subsequently, the entire cavity is covered with branches and the same stream of the heat neutralized hollow. The meat is consumed before it began to decompose.
Another use of cold spots in antiquity as the Egyptians held on the banks of the Nile, to retain certain types of grain in times of drought. In pre-Columbian America, the Aztec emperors individuaos organized groups for its unique service, which played the task of bringing ice near the Valley of Mexico to the Great Tenochtitlan volcanoes. The use of ice from the glaciers of the snowy mountains also known by the Greeks and Romans. The nineteenth century, artificial refrigeration was a product of industrialization.
The refrigeration industry becomes important in the 18th century in its infancy cooling was obtained by the use of ice. Lakes and ponds ice was cut in winter and stored in insulated storage rooms for summer use.
The required use of natural ice insulated ice boxes or containers for shops, restaurants and homes. These units appeared on a large scale during the 19th century.
Ice was artificially made first for 1820 as an experiment. It is not until 1834 that the manufacture of artificial ice is practice. Jacob Perkins, an American engineer, invented the machine that would be precedora of modern compression systems. Michael Faraday discovered the principle of absorption cooling for 1824. It was not until 1855 that a German engineer built the system.
Little artificial ice was produced until 1890. During 1890, a warm winter resulted in a shortage of natural ice. This accelerated the development of mechanical manufacturing industry ice.
Domestic mechanical refrigeration first appeared for 1910. JM Larsen 1913 produced a domestic machine manually operated. 1918 Kelvinator produced the first domestic refrigerator for the American auto market. That year sold 67 machines. Today million units are sold every year.
The first sealed or sealed refrigeration systems were manufactured by General Electric in 1828. It was called the monitor on top.
To the beginning of the 1920s, the domestic refrigeration industry became a major. Electrolux, which was one of the automatic removal units, appeared in 1927.
The quick freezing to preserve food for long periods began for 1923. This marked the beginning of modern frozen food industry. Automatic units for comfort air conditioning appeared to 1927.
Mechanical cooling systems were connected to heating plants to provide cooling in summer to late 1920s. By 1940, virtually all households were kind of tight. Business units have been successfully developed and used. These units are capable of cooling large food storage warehouses. They can provide comfort cooling for large audiences. They can also produce low temperatures for use in many commercial applications.
In 1935, Frederick McKinley Jones produced an automatic cooling drag cars. From a slow start in the late 1930s, the industry of car air conditioning has had a great development.
Beginning in the 1960s, the air conditioning market has seen tremendous development. The energy was cheap and hence air conditioners became common in many homes. Solar and other alternative energy sources have become additional sources of energy to work the heating and cooling systems.
Due to tremendous growth in technology in 1990, all areas related to refrigeration and air conditioning use microprocessors to control their operating functions. The purpose of these systems is to improve its efficiency and performance. By 1990, the air conditioner in the car became standard equipment such as automatic transmission.
Buena historia de la Refrigeración. Vamos bien Emmanuel.
ResponderEliminar¡Gracias profesor! me da gusto que se de su agrado. :)
ResponderEliminarMuy buena historia de la refrigeración
ResponderEliminarespero que te haya servido
EliminarComo veo la historia de la refrigeracion se remonta desde hace mucho
ResponderEliminarMuy buen trabajo
si desde la epoca de las cavernas
Eliminar